The International Trading System

The Importance of Trading in the Establishment and Development of the International Relations

Many researchers and authorities in the field of international relations agree on the issue that one of the factors to make relations between and among governments in through traders and exchanging goods among people of different lands, and as human societies develop in different fields, the economic affair and trades of these countries expand and develop, as well.  Thus, they, in turn, have ha...

Simulating International EDI Trading: the TREAT Experiment

INTERNATIONAL Globalization and ISO 14001 trading up or trading down ?

1) This article is an abridged version of “ Racing to the Bottom ? Trade, Environmental Governance, and ISO 14001”, American Journal of Political Science, 2006, 50(2), pp. 347-361. The authors gratefully acknowledge the permission of Blackwell Publishing. For the unabridged version, including a description of the methodology used by the authors in their research, see : http://faculty.washington...

Global Trading versus Linking: Architectures for International Emissions Trading

International emissions trading is widely seen as an indispensable policy pillar of climate change mitigation (Stern, 2007). This article analyzes five different types of trading architectures, classified into two top-down (UNFCCC driven) and three bottom-up (driven by individual countries or regions) approaches. The two types of approaches are characterized by a trade-off between environmental...

The Rise of Middle-Income Countries in the International Trading System